1. William O'Grady

William O’Grady was a colourful and controversial Roman Catholic priest, journalist and political activist. Born in Ireland, O’Grady was secretary to the Bishop of Cork before relocating to Upper Canada in 1828. There he received a warm welcome from Bishop Macdonell of Kingston, who was in desperate need of experienced and capable clergy. O’Grady was soon appointed priest at St. Paul’s Parish in York (Queen Street East, Toronto), where he immediately set about establishing more stringent church regulations, organizing a catechetical society for poor children and clearing the parish debt. O’Grady quickly became a leading civic figure – equally popular with his own, mainly Irish immigrants, parishioners and York’s elite. The plight of his impoverished flock, however, led O’Grady to befriend Reform politicians, such as William Lyon Mackenzie. At that time a schism was developing between the Church’s elite – who allied themselves with the Tory Family Compact – and the poor, urban, Irish parishioners at St. Paul’s. O’Grady’s increasing support of the latter caused him to fall out of favour with his Church wardens and with the bishop. In 1832, O’Grady and the reform element in his parish took control of the church and locked out the wardens. O’Grady was suspended by Macdonell and excommunicated in 1833. O’Grady then bought the newspaper, The Correspondent, and devoted himself to political journalism. Disillusioned by the violent turn the reform movement took in 1837, O’Grady retired to a farm north of Toronto where he died in 1840.

2. Humanism

Humanism is a broad term applied to philosophies and intellectual attitudes that focus on human experience, values and concerns. The pursuit of knowledge through the structured use of reason and empirical evidence is generally considered to be a fundamental aspect of humanism. Though humanism is not antithetical to religion, secular humanism is characterized by a rejection of religious belief.

3. Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople

4. Spanish Inquisition established

5. Martin Luther writes the Ninety-Five Theses

The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences was a repudiation of clerical abuses written by Martin Luther in 1517. It is considered to be the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

6. Publication of Tyndale's Bible

William Tyndale’s New Testament was the first of its kind printed in the English language. He also translated many books of the Old Testament before being executed for heresy in 1536. His were the first English Bible translations to draw directly from the Hebrew and Greek texts. They substantially informed the creation of the King James Version (1611).

7. Jacques Cartier erects cross in the Gaspésie

8. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), the Society of Jesus (or Jesuits) is the largest men’s religious order in the Roman Catholic Church. Known for their widespread missionary work and commitment to education, Jesuits are characterized by a combination of discipline, academic rigor and religious zeal. A marked devotion to the papacy is another distinguishing feature of the Jesuit order. Jesuits first arrived in present-day Ontario in 1634 when they followed the route established in 1615 by Récollet missionaries (and Champlain soon thereafter) that led from Montreal to the south shores of Georgian Bay via the Ottawa and French rivers. In 1639, they founded the mission-village of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons near present-day Midland. There they hoped to develop a Christian community comprised of both Europeans and aboriginals. The village, however, was a casualty of the Iroquois Wars and its residents were forced to burn and flee the mission in 1649. Eight Jesuit missionaries who died during the Iroquois Wars have been canonized – including Jean de Brébeuf, Isaac Jogues, Gabriel Lalement, Antoine Daniel, Charles Garnier, Noël Chabanel, René Goupil and Jean de la Lande. Despite events at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, Jesuits continued to establish missions throughout present-day Ontario. As the region’s Catholic population grew, so did Jesuit institutions within it. The first major Jesuit outpost to be established in the province after the fall of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons was the mission of the Assumption at La Pointe de Montréal (Windsor). This mission served both the area’s sizable French-speaking population and Huron who had relocated there after the Iroquois Wars. It became the Parish of the Assumption in 1767 and is the oldest Roman Catholic parish in Ontario. Bowing to pressure from secular European rulers, Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Jesuit order in 1773. This decision hampered Jesuit activity in Upper Canada until well after the society’s restoration in 1814. There remained, however, a Jesuit presence in the region because Bishop Briand of Quebec decided against informing the Jesuit pastor at the Assumption (Father Potier) of the order’s disbandment. In the mid-19th century, Jesuits resumed operations in the province and established a number of missions in remote communities, including Wikwemikong on Manitoulin Island in 1844, Sault Ste. Marie in 1846 and Fort William (Thunder Bay) in 1849. They were also the first order to serve Roman Catholic Germans in the Waterloo region. Throughout the following century and a half, Jesuits founded missions, parishes, schools and seminaries throughout Ontario. In 1924, the Jesuits of Ontario gained a large degree of administrative autonomy with the creation of the Jesuit Vice-Province of Upper Canada. At the time, the order had 30 missions, nine parishes and six colleges under their direction. Often working in close co-operation with diocesan clergy and religious women’s orders – as well as other Christian denominations and secular organizations – Jesuits have continued to play a key role in the education of countless Catholic youth and in the development of many of Ontario’s social institutions.

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9. Act of Supremacy

The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared King Henry VIII supreme head of the Church of England.

10. Founding of the Church of England

11. Founding of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order)

12. Council of Trent

The Council of Trent was an ecumenical council convened by the Roman Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. The council defined the Church’s positions on a number of important doctrinal and administrative issues. The resulting canons and decrees refuted Protestant teachings and largely reaffirmed the traditional beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

13. First English Book of Common Prayer Published

14. Richard Hooker

Richard Hooker was an Anglican priest and theologian. He is considered to be one the key developers of Anglican doctrine.

15. French Wars of Religion

16. Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion established by the Church of England

The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, established in 1563 after decades of religious turmoil in England, were the defining doctrinal principles of the Church of England.

17. Samuel de Champlain

Known as the “Father of New France,” Samuel de Champlain (c. 1570-1635) was a French explorer, cartographer, chronicler and administrator. From 1633 to 1635, he served as Governor of New France. Beginning in 1603, Champlain made numerous voyages to New France in order to explore and map the land, foster trade and establish French settlements in the colony. He founded Quebec City in 1608 and was the first European explorer to map the Great Lakes region. Champlain formed an alliance with the Huron, located in present day Ontario, and supported them in their wars against the Iroquois. A devout Catholic, Champlain brought four Récollet priests with him on his 1615 voyage. One of these priests, Father Joseph Le Caron (c. 1586-1632), was the first Catholic missionary to reach what is now Ontario.

18. Father Joseph Le Caron

Born near Paris, France in 1586, Joseph Le Caron (c. 1586-1632) was among the first Roman Catholic missionaries to New France. Le Caron joined the Récollet order in 1611 and, four years later, he and three other Récollet missionaries accompanied Samuel de Champlain on his voyage to New France. Shortly after his arrival in New France, Le Caron set out for the Huron country in what is now Ontario. Travelling by canoe and accompanied by native guides, Le Caron journeyed westward, becoming the first European to reach Georgian Bay. On August 12, 1615 at the Huron village of Carhagouha (near what is now Lafontaine, near Penetanguishene in Simcoe County) he presided over the first mass held in present-day Ontario. Le Caron spent almost a year living among, and evangelizing, the Huron before briefly returning to France in 1616. From 1618 until the English captured Quebec in 1629, Le Caron continued his missions both in Huron country and among the Montagnais in the eastern part of New France. He compiled dictionaries of the Huron, Algonkin and Montagnais languages. These and Le Caron’s other writings chronicling his experiences in New France have largely been lost. Le Caron died of the plague in France in 1632.

19. Jean de Brebéuf

Jean de Brebéuf (1593-1649) was a Jesuit missionary, author and linguist who was martyred during the Iroquois Wars. Canonized in 1930, Brebéuf is considered the primary Catholic patron saint of Canada. He was born in Normandy and entered the noviciate in Rouen at the age of 24. In 1625, Brebéuf came to New France as a missionary. The following year, he travelled to the Huron communities south of Georgian Bay. In order to evangelize the Huron more effectively, Brebéuf learned their language and began compiling a Huron dictionary. Forced to return to France because of the English occupation of Quebec in 1629, Brebéuf was back among the Huron by 1634. A large man, Brebéuf’s imposing size was balanced by his gentle nature and eloquent speech. Throughout the following 15 years, he lived among the Huron, wrote extensively about their culture and his own experiences, and baptized thousands of Aboriginals – not only Huron, but also neighbouring Neutral and Petun as well. Brebéuf’s teachings, however, and his efforts to alter native customs and social structures left Aboriginal communities deeply divided. In 1649, when the Iroquois invaded Huron territory, Brebéuf and his fellow Jesuit missionary Gabriel Lalemant were captured, tortured and killed. Brebéuf’s bones are buried at the Martyrs’ Shrine, near Midland, Ontario.

20. Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes, issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598, granted substantial rights to the country’s Protestant Huguenot population. It marked the end of the French Wars of Religion.

21. Franciscan Récollets (Recollects)

Established in the early 17th century, the Récollets were a reformed branch of the Roman Catholic Franciscan order. They were named for the recollection houses or monasteries to which friars would retreat for prayer, penitence and spiritual recollection. Known for their fortitude, piety and austerity, Récollets were often called on to be chaplains in the French army. A group of Récollet fathers arrived in New France with Samuel de Champlain in 1615. Later that same year, the Récollet Father Joseph Le Caron became the first priest to visit present-day Ontario when he travelled to the Huron village of Carhagouha, near the southeast shore of Georgian Bay. During the 1620s, a number of Récollet fathers conducted missions throughout Huron country. Included among these was Gabriel Sagard who wrote three important tomes on the history of New France and the culture and language of the Huron people. The Récollets vacated New France between 1629 and 1632 when the territory was in the hands of the English. When Catholic missionary activity resumed in the colony, it was largely directed by Jesuits. After the British conquest of New France, the Récollets were prohibited from recruiting new members, but continued to do so covertly. The last Canadian Récollet, Father Louis, died in 1848 in Quebec City. The Récollets were subsumed by the Order of Friars Minor in 1897.

22. King James version of the Bible published

23. Ultramontanism in Ontario

Ultramontanism is a movement within Roman Catholicism that exalts papal authority and seeks to centralize power in the hands of the Pope. A fundamental aspect of ultramontanism is the belief that the state should be subordinate to the Church, especially in matters of education and social welfare. Ultramontane concepts and sentiments have informed much of the history of Catholicism in Ontario. Before Catholic institutions were established and integrated in the province, clergy and laity could look to Rome for guidance, stability and support. As Catholic immigrants arrived in Ontario from all parts of the world, devotion to the Bishop of Rome was a unifying force that crossed cultural barriers and countered ethnic segregation. Furthermore, the influence of ultramontanism on architecture has given the movement a visual presence in the province. Catholic churches in Ontario – especially those within Italian communities – that desired to create strong visual ties with Rome often wanted their buildings to be executed in the Renaissance or baroque styles. In Ontario, most ultramontane churches were built between Confederation and the First World War. For the most part, these churches were executed by one of two architects – either Joseph Connolly or Arthur W. Holmes.

24. Huronia

Huronia refers to the region occupied by the Huron prior to the Iroquois Wars. The region was bordered by Nottawasaga Bay to the west and Lake Simcoe to the east – in the northern part of what is now Simcoe County. The term did not come into common usage until the 19th century and is generally applied to the period of contact between the Huron and the French.

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25. First Mass celebrated in Ontario

The first Christian missionary to reach present-day Ontario was the Récollet priest Father Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632) who accompanied Samuel de Champlain (c. 1570-1635) on his 1615 voyage to New France. Travelling by canoe and led by native guides, Le Caron made his way from Quebec City to the Huron village of Carhagouha, a few kilometres northeast of Nottawasaga Bay. Champlain, who was travelling the same route, reached Carhagouha shortly thereafter. On August 12, 1615 – in the presence of Champlain – Le Caron held mass and chanted the Te Deum. This was the first mass celebrated in present-day Ontario.

26. Thirty Years' War

27. Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith

Founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Congregatio de Propaganda Fide) was a branch of the Roman Curia responsible for the direction of missionary activity throughout the world and for the promotion of the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries or territories. Canada came under the jurisdiction of Propaganda Fide until 1908. The congregation was renamed the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in 1982.

28. Iroquois Wars

Throughout the 17th century, a series of conflicts – often called the Iroquois Wars or Beaver Wars – pitted the Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy against several of their neighbouring tribes as well as the French. The Confederacy, armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, broke and dispersed all surrounding native groups in an effort to expand their territory and control the fur trade in the Great Lakes region and Ohio Valley. The wars concluded with the Great Peace of Montreal, signed by the French and 40 First Nations groups in 1701.

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29. The Jesuit Relations

The Jesuit Relations were a series of documents written by Jesuit missionaries in New France and sent annually to their Paris office between 1632 and 1672. The Relations consisted of letters, reports, narratives and ethnographic analyses chronicling the Jesuits’ attempts to convert First Nations communities to Catholicism. Compiled and edited by Jesuit Superiors in Quebec City – then further edited in France – the Relations were avidly read by the French public in the 17th and 18th centuries. Despite the embellishments, inaccuracies and prejudices contained in some of the works, they remain extremely valuable historical sources.

30. Ursuline Convent founded in Quebec City

31. Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons

Sainte-Marie, the first French mission centre west of the Ottawa River, was established in 1639 as the headquarters for the Jesuits in Huronia (Wendake) and as a refuge for Christianized Huron Indians. It was constructed by skilled artisans and members of the community directed by Father Jérôme Lalemant, superior of the Mission (1638-45). Sainte-Marie eventually comprised a hospital, church, chapel, residences, workshops, farm buildings and minor fortifications; at times, it housed some 60 Europeans. By 1649, the centre served 12 mission villages. Following the defeat of the Huron by the Iroquois, Sainte-Marie was burned by the Jesuits and abandoned in the spring of 1649.

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32. Founding of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

33. Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia is a series of peace treaties, signed between 1648 and 1659, that ended the European Wars of Religion (Thirty Years’ War, Eighty Years’ War and Franco-Spanish War). The treaties redrew several political boundaries and reconstituted the vast Holy Roman Empire. Protestants and Catholics within the empire were defined as equal before the law and the ruler of each imperial state was given the right to choose their state’s religion.

34. Jesuit Mission to Manitoulin 1648-50

The Jesuit Mission of St. Pierre on Manitoulin Island was established in 1648 in order to reach the Algonkian-speaking First Nations of Lake Huron’s north shore. Father Joseph Poncet (1610-75) was the first known European resident of Manitoulin Island – then called Ile de Ste. Marie by the missionaries and Ekaentoton by the Huron (Wendat). It is not known in what part of the island he worked, but it is understood that he journeyed from village to village to meet and convert the Huron to Christianity. As Huron communities across Upper Canada became split between converts to Christianity and those maintaining traditional Huron spiritual beliefs, the Huron of Manitoulin Island were similarly divided. Poncet returned to the Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons mission (Midland) in May 1649 in the midst of ongoing attacks on the Huron by the Iroquois. Weakened by European diseases and internal conflicts over the increasing influence of the Jesuits, the Huron could not withstand the superior weapons of the Iroquois. In June 1649, the Jesuit priests and their followers burned Sainte-Marie and abandoned the site in anticipation of further Iroquois attacks. Poncet returned to Manitoulin in the fall of 1649 to continue the mission, but abandoned it to join the remaining Sainte-Marie priests as they fled by canoe for Quebec in June 1650.

2 record(s) found

35. The Protectorate

The Protectorate was the period following the English Civil War during which Oliver Cromwell (and afterward his son Richard Cromwell) was Lord Protector of England.

36. Kenté (Quinte) Mission

The mission at Kenté (Quinte) was established in 1668 by priests from the Order of St. Sulpice, based in Ville-Marie (Montreal). In 1649-50, the Five Nations Iroquois attacked and defeated their Huron enemies, and Iroquois communities expanded into the Great Lakes region. By 1665, Iroquois bands had established villages on the north side of Lake Ontario, including a Cayuga Nation settlement called “Kentio” by the Iroquois and “Kenté” by the French. In 1668, Claude Trouvé (1644-1704) and François de Fénelon (1641-79), Sulpician priests who had studied the Cayuga language, established a mission at Kenté. Buildings were erected in the village and livestock brought from Ville-Marie (Montreal). Letters written by missionaries indicate that their Christianizing efforts met with indifferent success at best. Following the establishment of nearby Fort Frontenac (Kingston) in 1673, the Kenté Mission collapsed due to heavy costs and the gradual dispersal of the Iroquois from Kenté in search of new hunting grounds. The mission was abandoned in 1680.

37. Hudson's Bay Company receives Royal Charter

38. William Penn founds Pennsylvania

William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682. Penn, a Quaker, established laws that promoted tolerance and ensured religious freedom for the colony’s inhabitants.

39. Gallicanism

Gallicanism is a movement within Catholicism that seeks to place limits on Papal authority. At odds with ultramontanism, Gallicanism advocates a diminishment of Papal influence and jurisdiction in favour of state, episcopal or parochial governance. The doctrine, developed within the French Church over several centuries, was articulated in the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682). Gallican movements have occurred not only in France, but also in the Netherlands and North America.

40. Khalsa established in Sikh Faith

41. Society for the Propagation of the Gospels

The Society for the Propagation of the Gospels in Foreign Parts (SPG) was a missionary society affiliated with the Church of England. It was created in 1701 to support the establishment of the Church in Britain’s American colonies and to evangelize the continent’s Native population. After the American Revolution (1775-1783), the SPG withdrew from the United States and focused its attention on British North America, where they became hugely influential. They sent missionaries, paid clergy, supported the construction of churches and provided advice and expertise to the colonial church. Between 1702 and 1900, the SPG sent nearly 400 clergymen to Ontario. Despite the fact that they saved the colonial church from numerous crises, the SPG’s activities in Canada were fraught with difficulties. The society was directed by a secretary who was based in London and usually had little understanding of the hardships that faced the colonial church. Friction between colonial bishops and SGP secretaries was common. Colonial bishops were continually frustrated by the fact that although they had jurisdiction over activities in their dioceses, the SPG often held the purse strings. The SPG’s influence in Canada began to wane in the later half of the 19th century as their funding declined. It wasn’t until 1940, however, that the Anglican Church in Canada decided to forgo all further SPG grants.

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42. Father Pierre Potier

Born in Blandain, Belgium, Pierre-Phillippe Potier (1708-81) led a Jesuit mission at La Pointe de Montreal (Windsor) in western New France (Ontario). Potier was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1743, and sent to New France as a missionary. Potier was sent to the Jesuit mission at Bois Blanc (Boblo) Island (Amherstburg, Ontario), established in 1728 to serve approximately 600 Christianized Huron settlers. In 1747, Potier led his followers to a mission site less vulnerable to attack at La Pointe de Montréal, across the river from Fort Pontchartrain (Detroit). In 1767, there were some 60 families living in the area, and the parish of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption was formally established. Today, Potier’s linguistic studies – Radices linguae huronicae (1751) and Façons de parler proverbiales, triviales, figurées, Ec des Canadiens au XVIIIe siécle (1758) – provide the best key to 18th-century Huron and French dialects spoken in New France.

1 record(s) found

43. George Whitefield

Considered to be one of the fathers of evangelicalism, George Whitefield was an itinerant Anglican preacher instrumental in the religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s known as the First Great Awakening. Whitefield was born in Gloucester, England and studied at Oxford where, along with John and Charles Wesley, he was a member of the Holy Club – a religious society wherein the first tenants of Methodism were established. Whitefield then moved to the North American colonies where he gained wide renown as an open-air preacher. It has been estimated he preached more than 18,000 sermons in his lifetime.

44. Rev. Johann Samuel Schwerdtfeger

The first Lutheran minister to settle in Upper Canada (Ontario), Johann Samuel Schwerdtfeger (1734-1803) was born in Burgbernheim, Bavaria and studied theology at the University of Erlangen. He emigrated to America in 1753 and served as pastor of congregations in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New York. Persecuted for his allegiance to the Crown during the American Revolution (1775-83), Schwerdtfeger moved to Dundas County, Upper Canada in 1791. He settled in Williamsburg Township and became pastor of a congregation of German settlers that had been established in 1784. By the end of the 18th century, Schwerdtfeger had organized Lutheran congregations in several neighbouring townships. He died in 1803 and was buried in the St. John’s Lutheran Church cemetery in Riverside Heights, near Williamsburg.

1 record(s) found

45. The First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a religious revival movement that occurred in the British North American colonies (United States) throughout the 1730s and 1740s. The movement was inspired by evangelical Protestant preachers, such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, who often preached open-air sermons to audiences that, at times, numbered in the tens of thousands. It was the first in a series of Great Awakenings that galvanized American Christians in the 18th and 19th centuries.

46. Founding of Hasidic Judaism

47. Rev. John Stuart

Born in Pennsylvania, John Stuart (1740-1811) was an Anglican missionary at Cataraqui (Kingston). In 1770, Stuart was ordained and sent to Fort Hunter, New York, as missionary to the Mohawk residents of the Fort. After refusing to sign the oath of allegiance to the Continental Congress during the American Revolution (1775-83), Stuart escaped to Canada with his family in 1781. They eventually settled at Cataraqui in 1785, and Stuart became the first resident Anglican clergyman in Upper Canada (Ontario). He ministered to European settlers and First Nations communities in the Cataraqui area, and visited as far west as Niagara and the Grand River. Stuart was responsible for the building of Cataraqui's earliest church, St. George's Anglican Church, where in 1792 the new lieutenant-governor of the province of Upper Canada – John Graves Simcoe (1752-1806) – took his oath of office. Stuart died in 1811 after his eldest son George succeeded him as rector of Cataraqui.

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48. Joseph Brant

Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea, was a prominent Mohawk war chief, scholar and statesman. Brant was born near Akron, Ohio. By the outbreak of the American Revolution, he was living in the Mohawk Valley in what is now New York State. He and many other Iroquois supported the British during the Revolution and, after the war, he led a group of nearly 2,000 Iroquois to a tract of land on the Grand River in Upper Canada. At Brant’s request a chapel was built there in 1785 to serve the community’s Anglican population. Known as the Mohawk Chapel, it is the oldest surviving church in Ontario. Brant himself was a devout Christian. As a young man, he was sent to the Indian Charity School (a forerunner to Dartmouth College) in Connecticut, where he received a religious education. Throughout his life, Brant befriended missionaries, evangelized among First Nations groups and translated hymns, catechism, Anglican liturgy and portions of the Gospels into the Mohawk language. For years, he worked unsuccessfully to procure a regular pastor for the Mohawk Chapel. On his death, Brant was buried in Burlington, Ontario. In 1850, his remains were moved to a tomb at the Mohawk Chapel.

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49. John and Charles Wesley establish General Rules

In 1743, John and Charles Wesley compiled a set of General Rules that reflected their methodological approach to Christian devotion. This became the nucleus of Methodism.

50. Rev. John Langhorn

Born in Wales, John Langhorn (1744-1817) was an Anglican minister who served parishes in western Quebec (present-day Ontario). In 1787, he was appointed resident missionary to Loyalist settlements by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Langhorn’s territory comprised Ernestown and Fredericksburg, which had been settled in 1784 by disbanded soldiers of the King's Royal Regiment of New York. The two townships contained a large majority of Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Lutherans and Methodists, and Langhorn often faced hostility from other denominations. Langhorn was the first resident Anglican clergyman in the Bay of Quinte region. He travelled throughout the area, calling at various preaching stations he had established. Langhorn was largely responsible for the erection of St. Paul's Church at Sandhurst in 1791, St. Warburg's in Fredericksburg in 1792 and the second St. John's at Bath in 1793-95. The continuous travel Langhorn undertook throughout Upper Canada was a strain on his health, and he returned to England in 1813.

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