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• Manitoulin Treaties 1836 and 1862
  In 1836 the Ojibwa and Odawa inhabiting Manitoulin signed an agreement with the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada which made the Island a refuge for all First Nations. Authorities hoped that native peoples on the mainland would abandon their hunting grounds and take up farming here. Several hundred did come, but resisted the government's efforts to change their way of life. As white settlement moved north, farmers and commercial fishermen demanded access to the Manitoulin area...

• Manitowaning Mission, The
  In the 1830s, officials urged native peoples in Upper Canada to abandon seasonal fishing and hunting migrations and settle permanently in agricultural communities. To this end, the government established a mission at Manitowaning under the auspices of the Anglican Church in 1838. A school, houses and workshops for teaching trades were constructed. The mission encouraged farming, but crops were meagre. Few aboriginal people chose to settle permanently at Manitowaning, and in 1864 the mission was...